Castigo de los 3 o de los 10 años para regresar a EEUU

El castigo de los 3  o de los 10  aà ±os prohà ­be regresar a Estados Unidos cuando se ha estado ilegalmente en el paà ­s y es una de las reglas migratorias que mà ¡s problemas causa, tanto a los migrantes que quieren arreglar sus papeles como a los extranjeros que desean visitar temporalmente EE.UU. Este castigo, que en inglà ©s se conoce como   the three- and ten- year bars, fue creado por la ley Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsability Act (IIRAIRA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Entrà ³ en vigor en 1996 y, por lo tanto, no aplica a las personas que estuvieron ilegalmente en el paà ­s con anterior a esa fecha. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona este castigo, al que en algunos paà ­ses se llama penalidad, y las distintas posibilidades que pueden darse, por lo que es de importancia fundamental entender las particularidades que aplican al caso de cada uno, ya que hay importantes diferencias. Asimismo, se explica  quià ©n califica para un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido  como waiver  o permiso, los casos especiales y se resuelven dudas frecuentes. En quà © consiste el castigo de los 3  y de los 10 aà ±os y a quià ©nes aplica Si eres extranjero y has estado  ilegalmente en Estados Unidos por mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as corridos, es decir, de una sola vez, entonces cuando salgas del paà ­s no podrà ¡s regresar por tres  aà ±os. Pero si el tiempo transcurrido como ilegal es superior a 365 dà ­as continuos, entonces la prohibicià ³n es por 10  aà ±os. Por ejemplo, si ingresaste con una visa de turista y en el I-94 (registro de entrada y de salida) que  te concedieron seis meses para permanecer en Estados Unidos pero te fuiste siete meses mà ¡s tarde de la fecha consignada en el registro de entrada, entonces no podrà ¡s volver en 3  aà ±os, a contar desde la fecha en la que te fuiste. Otro ejemplo, si entraste ilegalmente por la frontera, el tiempo empieza a contarse desde ese dà ­a. Si el gobierno sospecha que has estado como indocumentado en Estados Unidos puede obligarte a probar con documentacià ³n que ese no es el caso. Es decir, no te confundas, el gobierno no tiene que demostrar que has sido un indocumentado. Todo lo contrario, te puede exigir que seas tà º el que tenga esa carga y   enseà ±es boletos de avià ³n, resguardos de tarjetas de crà ©dito o dà ©bito, contratos de arrendamiento o trabajo, facturas, etc., que sirvan para documentar tu presencia fuera de USA. Por à ºltimo, resaltar que este castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os no aplica a todos los extranjeros ya que hay importantes excepciones, como por ejemplo, menores de 18 aà ±os o asilados. Dentro de Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de ilegalidad El castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os tiene consecuencias distintas segà ºn la situacià ³n de la persona extranjera afectada por esta regla. En en primer lugar, veamos el caso de los extranjeros que se encuentran dentro de Estados Unidos y su situacià ³n de ilegalidad excede los 180 dà ­as. Decir que pueden ser expulsados desde el dà ­a 1 de ilegalidad o que puede iniciarse en su contra un procedimiento de deportacià ³n, dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso. Ademà ¡s, este castigo puede afectar indirectamente a la hora de intentar de sacar la green card o de intentar obtener una visa no inmigrante al obligar a salir del paà ­s para hacer esos trà ¡mites y, de ese modo, activando el castigo. Pero no siempre es asà ­.   Y es que existe una excepcià ³n para ciertos familiares de ciudadanos americanos que sà ­ podrà ­an ajustar su estatus dentro del paà ­s, a pesar de estar en situacià ³n de indocumentados. Se tienen que dar todos los requisitos siguientes: En primer lugar, ser cà ³nyuge, hijos soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de un ciudadano o padre/madre de un ciudadano mayor de 21 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, haber ingresado a Estados Unidos legalmente. La situacià ³n de ilegalidad se produce por no haber salido del paà ­s dentro del tiempo que les concedà ­a su visa. Es decir, si se ha ingresado cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no se puede ajustar el estatus, incluso aunque se està © casado con un ciudadano o se tengan hijos americanos.   Todas las demà ¡s personas extranjeras que està ¡n ilegalmente en Estados Unidos deben salir del paà ­s para tramitar sus papeles, en lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. Lo que pueden hacer, si reà ºnen los requisitos, es solicitar antes de salir de Estados Unidos un perdà ³n que se conoce como perdà ³n provisional por estancia ilegal.   Sà ³lo aplica a las personas en proceso de tramitar una tarjeta de residencia permanente y deben poder acreditar que, si no les es concedido, su alejamiento por un tiempo amplio causarà ­a una situacià ³n de dureza extrema a el cà ³nyuge o el padre o la madre que debe ser ciudadano o residente permanente legal. En otras palabras, la dureza extrema que pueda causarse por la separacià ³n al migrante o a sus hijos, si los tiene, es irrelevante. La gran ventaja de obtener este waiver provisional es que, aunque sigue existiendo la obligacià ³n de salir de Estados Unidos para ir a una entrevista a un consulado, ya se viaja con el perdà ³n en la mano, por lo que si todo va bien, la estancia fuera del paà ­s se reducirà ­a a una semana o incluso menos. Destacar respecto a este perdà ³n provisional que su aprobacià ³n no es fà ¡cil y que incluso tenià ©ndolo eso no quiere decir que se obtenga siempre la visa de inmigrante para regresar a Estados Unidos ya que una vez en el consulado pueden aparecer otros problemas de inadmisibilidad. Y por à ºltimo decir que desde el 29 de julio de 2016 este perdà ³n provisional lo pueden pedir todas las personas que cumplen los requisitos antes expresados, sin que importe el camino por el que acceden a la green card, por ejemplo, peticià ³n de empresa, loterà ­a de visas, etc. Penalidad de 3 y 10 aà ±os cuando pide en consulado  una visa no inmigrante Como se ha dicho previamente en este artà ­culo, cuando una persona extranjera està ¡ en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de presencia ilegal por mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as y luego sale del paà ­s se encuentra que no puede regresar por 3 à ³ 10 aà ±os, dependiendo del tiempo que se estuvo ilegalmente.  ¿Quà © pasa si se quiere regresar con una visa no inmigrante tipo turista, estudiante, intercambio, inversià ³n, etc.? En este caso, y al amparo de lo que legalmente se conoce como perdà ³n INA 212 (d)(3) se podrà ­a pedir un perdà ³n por estancia ilegal previa para levantar el problema que convierte a la persona en lo que se conoce tà ©cnicamente como inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos.   Este perdà ³n no es fà ¡cil de obtener y depende de las circunstancias de cada caso. Se pide en el momento en que se solicita la visa no inmigrante que se desea y, para ser aprobado, se van a tener en cuenta tres puntos: la gravedad de la infraccià ³n que se cometià ³si el solicitante es de alguna forma una persona riesgosa para los Estados Unidos o sus leyesla razà ³n por la que la persona quiere viajar a Estados Unidos Es necesario probar con documentacià ³n todo lo que se dice al pedir el perdà ³n y argumentarlo debidamente en una carta. Este tipo de perdà ³n es difà ­cil de obtener, pero no imposible. Ademà ¡s, tener en cuenta que incluso aunque se obtenga es posible que el oficial consultar finalmente niegue la visa, pero por otra causa. Es decir, porque considera que el solicitante de la visa es inelegible para la misma. Finalmente, si ya se ha cumplido el castigo, no es necesario pedir el perdà ³n. Tener en cuenta que es posible que si se pide una visa no inmigrante, à ©sta puede ser negada, pero no por el castigo, que ya no aplica, sino porque se es inelegible. Y es que para sacar una visa de este tipo un requisito es que el oficial consular està © convencido de que la persona que la solicita no se va a quedar en Estados Unidos mà ¡s tiempo del permitido y, là ³gicamente, va a sospechar de quien ya una vez lo hizo. Penalidad de 3 y 10 aà ±os cuando se pide en consulado una visa de inmigrante Un caso muy distinto es el de solicitud pendiente de una visa inmigrante. En estos casos el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os convierte a la persona en inadmisible y, por consiguiente, la green card no es aprobada. Para levantar esta penalidad sà ³lo es posible un perdà ³n I-601 que tiene un requisito muy importante: probar una situacià ³n de dureza extrema para un familiar inmediato que es ciudadano americano o residente permanente de la persona que quiere emigrar y no puede por este problema. Estos perdones no son fà ¡ciles de obtener y se demoran en ser tramitados entre 6 meses y 1 aà ±o, dependiendo de las circunstancias de cada caso y de la carga de trabajo entre los oficiales migratorios. Asimismo, tener en cuenta que, en ocasiones,  ademà ¡s de presentar los documentos para el perdà ³n por la penalidad de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os es necesario solicitar conjuntamente otro. Por ejemplo,  el perdà ³n I-212 por deportacià ³n. Casos especiales de perdones por castigo de 3 y 10 aà ±os Las personas que se encuentran en las siguientes categorà ­as deben saber que sus casos para pedir el perdà ³n tienen singularidades especiales, por lo que deberà ­an contactar con un abogado especialista: canadiensespersonas que ingresaron a Estados Unidos bajo el Programa de Exencià ³n de VisasTPS y NACARAVAWA, para casos de violencia domà ©sticaVisa T de trà ¡fico humanoVisa U para và ­ctimas de violenciaPrograma Juvenil Especial   Consejos prà ¡cticos sobre la penalidad de los 3 y 10 aà ±os Tener en cuenta, ademà ¡s, que segà ºn las circunstancias de cada caso puede que sea imposible legalmente solicitar el perdà ³n, como asà ­ sucede cuando existe una prohibicià ³n permanente para regresar a Estados Unidos, situacià ³n que ocurre en varios casos como por ejemplo, al ingresar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n. Asimismo, una aclaracià ³n sobre una duda frecuente.  ¿quà © pasa cuando el tiempo como ilegal fue inferior a 180 dà ­as? La respuesta depende del caso. Si se solicita una visa de inmigrante o un ajuste de estatus, en ambos casos para sacar la tarjeta de residencia permanente, ese tiempo de ilegalidad no va a suponer ningà ºn problema. Sin embargo, en los casos en los que se tiene una visa no inmigrante o se ha ingresado a Estados Unidos sin visa pero con una ESTA, automà ¡ticamente se cancela la visa o la ESTA. A partir de ahà ­ es mà ¡s difà ­cil obtener una visa nueva porque ya el oficial consular puede sospechar de los motivos por los que se pide y està ¡ en su derecho de denegarla.   En el caso de espaà ±oles y chilenos que pueden ingresar sin visa, pierden automà ¡ticamente ese derecho y ya siempre tendrà ¡n que pedir una visa si quieren viajar a Estados Unidos. Por todo lo dicho, es claro que el tema del castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os es muy complejo y que las personas afectadas por esta regla  deberà ­an contratar a un  abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista  en este tipo de casos. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa - 4434 Words

1 1 Psychology of Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is currently viewed by society as an extremely complicated disorder, misunderstood, over looked, and misjudged based on the stigmas of society. People who suffer from eating disorders like Anorexia do not always report the fact they are in living with the disorder because they are ashamed or scared of what might happen to them or what people will say. An individual may also feel that they do not met the exact criteria of Anorexia Nervosa in the DSM 5. An example of the DSM 5 criteria for Anorexia Nervosa is an individual purposely takes too little nourishment, has below average body weight, fearful of gaining weight, refusal to keep a normal weight, distorted body perception†¦show more content†¦It could be from a serious life changing even that has caused extreme depression stress or it could begin as someone just wanting to slim down and started dieting. Eating disorders can affect any individual of age, gender, cultural status, and tends to be more preva lent than people think it is. Anorexia Nervosa like most eating disorders are a psychological disorder that has physical damage and can lead to extreme health issues mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally. These damages tend to be long term rather than short term depending on how long the person living with disorder has been acting on it. Anorexia Nervosa can be applied to abnormal psychology because the criteria in the DSM 5 has a defining statement and checklist of what is normal eating habits and abnormal eating habits. The outcome of the abnormal eating habits is what causes the other factors and behaviors to lead to a diagnosis. Eating disorders can cause distress, danger, dysfunction, and deviance in an individual which is the main reason Anorexia Nervosa meets the criteria for the diagnosis out of the DSM 5. Furthermore, eating disorders can be an overlapping diagnosis of science. By breaking down the disorder into two main schools of thought will help gain differen t perspective on Anorexia and relate it to the psychological abnormality. I. Biological School of Thought on Anorexia Nervosa Having any type ofShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pages Bulimia Nervosa To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, theyRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion of an â€Å"ideal† body and eating disorders, there is no consensus as to the root cause of eating disorders. The general belief is that eating disorders result from one or more biological, behavioral, and social factors including genetics, unpleasant experiences/trauma, peer pressure, teasing, and family members with eating disorders, among others. There are numerous types of eating disorders. Both women and men are affected by eating disorders each day. Eating disorders can occur from an early ageRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 PagesIllness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder and mental illnessRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often timesRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa947 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder consist of emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S (ANAD, n.d.) bulimia nervosa as well as the other eating disorders are considered to be a female eating disorder, a disorder that only affects women which limits males to seek treatment let alone make aware to other that they suffer from bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragileRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(AND A). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer from many illnesses, one in particular is eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, thi s type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this report is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurring

Communication free essay sample

Communication is an integral part of human life, it is a way of bringing people together as well as a means of making our concerns and needs known to others [Casey, 2014]. According to Sabo [2006], Kourkouta and Papathanasiou [2014], they believed, communication is not only a successful means of conveying people skills and information, but it is also a medium which allows people to interact with one another within a different environment.Communication can be described as a process of sending and receiving verbal and non-verbal message between two or more people [De Vito, 2011; Balzer Riley, 2011]. Non-verbal communication can be expressed by gestures, postures, physical barriers and facial expressions which are interpreted by both the sender and the receiver [Hargie, 2011]. Importantly, non-verbal communication allows spoken messages to be adjusted and reinforced, thereby gives room for flowing of information to be regulated and make it easy for the relationship between the communica tors to be recognised [Webb, 2011]. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, transmitting of message or information from sender can be effective by not only considering the clarity, tone and purpose of the message and interpretation through the feedback from the receiver [Berlo, 1960; Miller Nicholson, 1976]. But it put into account the intrinsic factors such values, belief, culture, roles, goal, and education and the extrinsic factor such as physical environment like loud noise and sounds that can distort the message [De Vito, 2011].In nursing, communication is another life entirely in which nurses live, Royal College of Nursing, 2012 believe that nurses are the heart of the communication processes. This means, nurses are the one who spent majority of time closely with their patient more than the other healthcare practitioners, hence, it gives them the ability to organise the patients care by communicating with them as well as the other practitioners involved in their care [McCabe and Timmins, 2006]. Furthermore, communication is a day-to-day job activity in nursing with different multi disciplinaries [Hart, 2010], with that, nurses must be a good communicator to be able to relay information to other practitioners to ensure the best service is delivered. With effective communication, nu rses help other practitioners to receive more information from the clients they cared for, Casey [2011] believes that nurses and other practitioners form an important part of the communication process in a healthcare industry.However, for a nurse to deliver a successful communication, it must be patient-centred [McCabe and Timmins, 2006], thus this practice shows that we put the clients at the heart of their care by involving them in their care planning through communication process. By doing so, it creates a kind of trust relationship between the nurse and their clients leading to client confident and empowerment which allows them to discuss their emotional and physical needs with their nurses because they feel more valued and relaxed with them [Bensing, 1991]. Communication involves interpersonal and intrapersonal means of dissemination of information [Ruesch, 1961] which can be either be positive or negative depending on the feelings, thought and intention of both the receiver and the sender [Catherine ; Fiona, 2013].This essay will look at the importance of communication in general, as well as how vital communication is in nursing, at the same time to analysis a reflective account on my interaction with two different clients during my placement as a student. Meanwhile, part of this reflective account will be centred on what I did not do well that I needed to improve on that will enable me do things differently next time to deliver a good standard of care. The essay will also stress on what I did well and why did I do it well.Collins, [2015] described the communication in the nursing profession as an on-going process of keeping a good therapeutic relationship with patients and maintaining consistency and steadiness between professionals f or a quicker recovery and quality healthcare delivery. To achieve better understanding of the importance of communication in nursing profession, this essay will focus on the report of my experiences and interactions with two different clients during placement in which Sue and Lona will be used to denote the names of the clients as a good practice to protect their confidentiality [Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2015].SCENARIO 1This scenario was my first interaction was a remarkable experience with a client named Lona [not real], Lona was a young girl with a learning difficulty, she has profoundly deaf on right ear while on the left ear, she relied on hearing aid for support. I was aware that Lona does communicate with orally which was not great but can as well make use of Picture Communication Exchange System (PECS), to pass her message.However, because her community leave was postponed due to severe weather, she was low in mood and worried that she might never get to go out to the community again. I was about to support another client when Lona approached me for one to one session as part of her coping skills. Furthermore, according to Carl Rogers, 1951, he believes, there are three main conditions to deliver an effective communication in nursing, they are empathy, unconditional positive regards and congruence. Empathy is about putting yourself in someone situation to understand their feelings. Unconditional positive regards mean as a nurse you must be non- judgemental, you must show empathy and compassion to their patient in respective of their past, their feelings and thought must be respected. Lastly, congruence is about nurse ability treat client w ith sincerity and control. These values help to maintain the Genuity of the clients thus, enable them feel relax with the nurses as well as being valued.REFLECTIONReflection is a self-motivation awareness, believe and procedure, in which our previous practice is examined, and our mistakes are learn from which help individual respond to the similar situation in an effective manner [Nursing Center, 2011]Reflection is a vital tool in nursing practice, that helps nurses recollect what they did and reflect on whether it went well or not and if not, and how they do it differently next time. Reflective account allows nurses to provide the best standard of care to their clients thereby empower them to measure their communication skills [Siviter, 2008].Sully and Dallas [2010] argued that reflective account is vital to the development of nursing profession. They emphasised that reflective account is aimed to promote their efforts which will lead to their individual better practice. There are many barriers to reflection , they are; professional pride, lack of time and criticism, nevertheless, reflection can help us to avoid mistakes, it can also help to increase job opportunities as well as allowing people to make use of the best skill available [RNC,2013].Majority of the people discover they learn from their experience and reflection is a good means to achieve that. According to Professor Graham Gibbs, in 1988, he pinpointed six stages that can help reflective procedure thereby creating awareness to the people by learning from their past mistakes [Mind Tools, 2015]. Gibbs reflection stages includes, experience, feelings, evaluations, conclusion and action. Gibbs, 1988, emphasised that emotions and feelings have effect in a situation, he also recognises how individual feeling can have impact on situation and how person can reflect upon it [The Open Univrsity,2015].On the first scenario, I think did not go well because I failed to take many factors into consideration, but still it was a great experienced because we learn by mistake, I believe next time I will not make such mistakes.At the end, I questioned myself whether the pace at which I communicated with Lona was appropriate? Did I really show enough empathy to Lona? Did Lona really receive the quality care he deserved? [Bagay, 2012]. I got myself answered with all these questions and reflect on it for future amendment.To achieve best healthcare delivery, successful communication of the messages that links the clients, nurses and the carers together must be comprehended through active listening [Mary Ann Boyd, 2008]. I think empathy shown to Lona was not great, because despite I am aware of Lona hearing impairment, which I failed to notice that she did not wear her hearing aid at the time we were talking could be a big barrier to her understanding. She was also trying to tell me something but I could not understand, and I was not bothered, this could affect Lonas emotion because I failed to listen.To deliver an effective communication, we need to show empathy, which is about putting yourself in someone situation as well as knowing their need [Skill You Need, 2014]. To show an effective empathy, we must know the person we are working with and the type of communication that is the best for them, this will enable us to communicate effectively and thus make is easy for them to understand us better as well [Improve Your Social Skills.com, 2015]. In nursing, learning disability in particular, thorough understanding of understanding of our clients will give us ability to care and communicate with them g enuinely and accordingly this will make them comfortable around us. As a result, person-cantered approach of communication will develop once we have understood their individual needs and able to deal with it accordingly [Improve Your Social Skills. com, 2015]. With my inability to show good empathy towards Lona, next time I believe I will do things differently. I will ensure that before starting conversation with Lona of anyone of her nature I will make sure not to rush to any communication to ascertain that everything is in place to achieve an effective communication between both party.Furthermore, I needed to work on my pace whenever I am communicating with other people to ensure better understanding on the other party. The reason being that, apart from the fact that I was in hurry when dealing with Lona because of another commitment which I had, I realised my pace in general was too fast to meet with the need of the people I am working with.According to [Skill You Need, 2014], the rate at which we take to speak or talk to people is called pace. To achieve an effective communication, Speaking Freely, 2015, argues that we must not talk too fast to allow the receiver to process it otherwise, it will turn to jargon. At the same time talk should not be too slow so as not to make it bore to the receiver.As a learning disability nurse, it is vital to maintain the same pace when dealing with our clients according to their individual need to keep the communication going smoothly. During reflection I realised Lona was not with me when I was talking to her probably because of my pace as well as some other factors, she was just sitting there staring at something without any sign of acknowledgment of what I was saying, showing she did not comprehend anything. Next time I will make sure that apart from putting everything in place, I will ensure my pace of speech is controlled to individual need and I will maintain it to the end.However, I will also ensure that, communication takes place in a perfect environment to avoid distraction, I should also make sure more time is allowed whenever I want to have conversation with any client to prevent rushing.I think, I did not give Lona full concentration when she was talking to me, I was using body language to communicate with someone else again, therefore, I failed to respect her thought [Perry, 1996].Also, I realised that when interacting with Lona, the pace of my speaking was too fast, which I considered as a barrier that might make it difficult for her to process and comprehend what is being said [Miller Nicholson, 1976], thinking this could left her confused because she can understand what I said due to the fact that she did not wear the hearing aid. Furthermore, I felt empathy shown to Lona was not great, because empathy is one of the determinants of good communication, it allows you to understand the feelings and the needs of the other party (SelfGrowth.com, 2015).I realised that Lona did not wear her hearing aid could be a barrier that can have impact big impact on her emotion as she might not hear me properly and she could not express herself properly. I made it difficult for her to understand my message by not taking her hear impairment into consideration before the start of the communication [William J Reynolds, 2000].I felt guilty when I realised that Lona did not have her hearing aid on and I failed to check it before commencing the communication with her. Again, empathy shown to Lona was not great because she was left out as she might not hear me properly and she cannot communicate properly, she was not relaxed nor involved I supposed [Rushton, 1981].SCENARIO 2The second scenario was between me and a client called Sue n ot the real name, with her personal hygiene. Sue is a young lady with Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD] Disorder and Down syndrome disease who appeared to be distressed due to coming up of her mum death anniversary. Sue has slow ability to process information, she needed more time when talking to her to allow her process it. I approached Sue with a warmth by being genuine, I was able to comfort her with empathy. I demonstrated sincerity to show that I care, as I was aware of her feelings. I did not ignore her, and I put myself in her position, I was there for her to show her all the emotional support she needed, I did not criticise nor judge her for what she did. I did all these to make her feel valued, respected and supported.I used question to obtain information from Sue, Skills You Need, 2014, recommends that, for a successful communication, questioning is the primary technique in gathering information. The essence of communication can not be over emphasis in nursing because it promotes therapeutic relationship in nursing which encourage clients participation and give them sense of belonging and reassurance [Nursing Time.net, 2007]. I allowed Sues more involvement using more open questions so as not to make it difficult for her, on the other hand, I tried not to use any closed question in other not to get Sue confused.At the end, because of my previous experience which I have learnt from, I am pretty sure my interaction with Sue was far better. I think, I displayed many communication skills which facilitates effectiveness and this is down to better understanding of the client condition [William J Reynolds, 2000].Active listening and more time allowed helped to map out when Sue was struggling through her body language, but with patient and warmth support, I will consider the whole communication to be successful.Conclusively, there is no doubt that communication play a significant ro le in delivery of good quality health care. Communication gives room for effective coordination and sharing of information among nurses, clients and other healthcare professionals. It is now concluded that through good communication skills, nurses can create a peaceful environment whereby the patient can feel safe, cared for, feel respected and also achieve a sense of control over their care. On my reflection, combined the two interaction I had with different patient, I have explored into communication skills which I acknowledged the needs for further improvement in my personal practice which I thought may affect healthcare delivery, more importantly the need to know and understand patient feeling, needs before interacting with them, control the pace of speaking to ensure they are communicated and comprehend, then build up therapeutic relationship will enhance successful communication flow. I therefore assured that these communication skills will be developed and put into practice in my nursing career.REFERENCE:Asselin M and Cullen A, 2011, Improving Practice Through Reflection, Nursing 2011, Volume 41 (4), pp 44-46Bagay J, 2012, Self-Reflection in Nursing, Journal of Professional Nursing, 28 (2), pp 130-131 Communication free essay sample A closed question allows information to be obtained quickly and effectively without getting confused, with long answers. This is effective in a busy environment such as a walk in centre as it prevents people waiting to be seen to for a long time. In the role play it was effective as the girl may feel embarrassed about the situation, which means she may try to only briefly discuss the matter meaning she may miss out some important information, which could prolong the time it takes for her to get the implant there for using simple yes no answers it will reduce the chance of her getting confused. This prevents any complications by allowing the nurse to know what questions to ask to get the correct information. However by using simple closed questions, it prevents the girl from being able to give a more through answer meaning the nurse may not get all the information needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keeping good eye contact this means keeping the appropriate level of eye contact when communicating with the service user/patient, it also links into facial expressions as people use their eye when using facial expressions, such as if a person is shocked they may widen their eyes and lift their eye brows, or if they are angry they may frown etc. In the role play it had many positive factors such as; it shows the nurse is interested in the matter, which means the girl will feel more comfortable to share information about the matter, as she will feel like her problem matters, and the nurse is concerned, as if the nurse did not retain good eye contact the girl may feel like the nurse isn’t bothered about her matter, which can cause her to feel angry, upset and even frustrated. Also as stated by an article ‘’Looking down or away from them can come off as aloof, especially if the person is telling you about something important or trying to get your attention. ’’ This may look unprofessional which may cause a trust issue between the patient and the nurse, which may result in the patient not wanting treatment from that nurse, which can slow down treatment. Tone This means how high or deep your voice is when communicating. Which happens naturally when communicating to people, to express emotion or can indicate certain things such as ‘’sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence’’ this can effect a health and social care practice positively as it can allow the nurse to sound positive for example if all the treatment goes well, the nurse may use a higher pitched voice to suggest its positive, which allows the patient to understand better without needing to use jargons etc. Around younger people, which may confuse them. Tone also effects your timing and pausing words such as â€Å"ahh† and â€Å"uh-huh. † Which allows the nurse to think about her response to allow her to give a better answer and prevent the wrong information being passed on. However tone of voice may be harder to recognise for people with hearing difficulties, which can restrict them from knowing if the situation is positive or negative, and therefor restrict the amount of information they get. Tone of voice can also be hard to tell for some people, which are hard to read therefore patients may get confused as to if the situation is serious or not. In addition according to K. Tschiesche ‘’the tone of voice we use is responsible for about 35-40 percent of the message we are sending’’ which is why it is important that health care practitioners have a good understanding on this communication method as if it is not used correctly, most of the message wont be fully understood. Communication free essay sample How is information spread within a company? Information spread due to internal and external channels within a company. 2) Which internal and external channels of communication are used? What are their tasks? There are two types of communication channels: internal and external. Intranet is one of internal channels that is used to spread information within a company due to internal websites only accessible by employees. Next channel, that can be both internal and external, is company magazine. It may try to demonstrate how a company is putting its mission statement into action. Externally, advertising has been the most visible form of communication with customers. Usually it designed to increase product sales, but there is also institutional advertising, designed to improve perceptions of the company as a whole. Furthermore, customer service center is two-way communication between company and customers. It is designed to gather information from customers about all aspects of use of a company’s products. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is more, one of the most important sphere of external communication is public relations, that include investor relations, press conferences, press releases. The main aim of PR is manipulate the moulding of the company’s image. 3) What makes a good communicator? ‘Good communicators really listen to people and take in what is said. They maintain eye contact and have a relaxed body language, but they seldom interrupt and stop people talking. If they don’t understand and want to clarify something they wait for a suitable opportunity. When speaking, effective communicators are good at giving information. They do not confuse their listener. They make their points clearly. They will avoid technical terms, abbreviations or jargon. If they do need to use unfamiliar terminology they explain by giving an easy to understand example. Furthermore, although they may digress and leave the main point to give additional information and details where appropriate, they will not ramble and lose sight of their main message. Really effective communicators who have the ability to engage with colleagues, employees, customers and suppliers are a valuable asset for any business. ’ 4) Why have communications improved in recent years? How can they improve in the future? Can you give example of a really good communication between companies and their customers? Communication between companies is much better now than in the past especially this great improvement in the last ten years and the reason for that is the introduction of new communication channels, i. e. the Internet, mobile phones, instant messaging etc. So, it has definitely improved communication and become a two-way channel between customers but there are definitely scope of improving communication in terms of timeliness of the communication and giving more control to the customers so they control the communication with companies rather than companies communicating with customers without their permission. The best example of communication between companies and customers is where companies empower their customers to be in control of the information most needed by them and communicate only targeted issues which are of interest to customers. A good example of company communicating with customers is for example a bank keeping them updated by e-mail or SMS, commonly referred to as text messaging. When a customer’s salary has been credited or he’s crossed the overdraft limit. This information is useful to customers and adds value while making financial decisions. 5) How can a breakdown in communication seriously affect a business? Breakdown in communication can bring the world to a halt today. We’re living in an information society whose foundation is based on efficient communication. For example, recent breakdown in communication of our country’s A-traffic control system led to a twenty-hour closure of all airports in the country and a resulting delay in flights globally. Nowadays, companies and their suppliers are tied up with agreements where they pay huge fines, by the hour, for delay in fixing communication systems. This is more prevalent in the banking industry, where, for example, if a cash machine breaks down, every hour there is a delay in fixing the cash machine, there is a fine which is paid by the engineering company. And the reason for that is every hour when there is a delay, the bank loses money. This requires good communication between the bank and the engineering company, or it results in loss of money for both parties. 6) What internal communication problems do businesses have? There are three main internal communication problems in businesses. Firstly, new world of high-tech can create barriers senior managers hide behind their computers, staff use voice mail to screen calls, and employees sitting next to each other will send e-mails rather than speak. Another problem is simply hitting the ‘reply all’ button, bombarding people with information. Information overload means people stop listening. And the last, but not the least problem is that employees develop common loyalties that are far stronger than the need to share information. 7) How can they overcome the problems? To solve these kinds of problems it is necessary to identify the sub-groups within an organisation and to make sure each group feels valued. It will encourage people to share information, because the key to communication is trust.

The British Splendid Isolation free essay sample

Finance Minister George Eulas Foster (1847–1931) to the Parliament of Canada on 16 January 1896: In these somewhat troublesome days when the great Mother Empire stands splendidly isolated in Europe The ultimate origin of the phrase is suggested in Robert M. Hamiltons Canadian Quotations and Phrases: Literary and Historical (Hull, Que. : McClelland and Stewart, 1952), which places the Foster quotation beneath the following passage from the Introduction to Robert Cooneys Compendious History of New Brunswick, published in 1832: Never did the Empress Island appear so magnificently grand, – she tood by herself, and there was a peculiar splendour in the loneliness of her glory. Foster began his career as an educator in New Brunswick , [2] where he would certainly have had access to Cooneys history. Thus, the elements of, and the sentiments underlying, the phrase appear to have originated in colonial New Brunswick during the reign of William IV, approximately 64 years before it became known as a catch-phrase for British foreign policy. Background During the late 19th century, Britains primary goal in foreign policy was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene should that balance be upset. Its secondary goal was to protect its overseas interest in the colonies and dominions, as free trade was what kept the Empire alive. The sea routes to the colonies, especially those linking Britain to India (via the Suez Canal), were vital. The policy of Splendid Isolation is perceived to have been characterized by a reluctance to enter into permanent European alliances or commitments with the other Great Powers and by an increase in the importance given to British colonies, protectorates and dependencies overseas in an era of increasing competition in the wider world, a situation elatively unknown since Britains conflicts with France during the eighteenth century. Change After the 1871 unification of German Empire , Bismarck sought alliances with other European powers to prevent Frances revenge. Successful alliances began with the Dreikaiserbund and Dual Alliance, 1879. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882, the signing countries being Germany, Austria-Hungary , and Italy. The rise of Germany in both industrial and military terms alarmed Britain though there was an appreciation by British policy makers that under Bismarck the country was largely a status quo power. It was not until the naval aspirations of Germany under the guidance of the German Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz in the years following Bismarcks fall that Whitehall became especially alarmed. After the Triple Intervention in China, leading politicians, such as Joseph Chamberlain questioned the policy of remaining free of formal alliances. On the other side of the world, the Triple Intervention also deeply humiliated Japan, which also realised that a strong ally in Europe was needed for the world to recognise its status as a power. At the core of Salisburys olicy was a desire to avoid war with another great power or combination of powers and thus ensure that Britains lines of communications with its Empire remained secure. The main threat of war came from Russia and there was concern that she would seize the Straits and Constantinople and threaten Britains communication to India, something Britain had almost gone to war with Russia during the Great Eastern Crisis to prevent. Despite thi s, this seizure of Egypt in 1882 had changed the situation and over the next few decades, as attempts to get out of Egypt n favourable terms failed, the focus on the Straits declined. Nevertheless, the maintenance of the status quo in the Mediterranean was hugely desirable and the result was the First Mediterranean Agreement with Italy and Austria-Hungary by which they pledged to act in concert with each other in times of crisis. The Second Mediterranean Agreement, concluded 12 December 1887, was even more specific in its aims, though it still had no binding agreements which meant that it did not need to be laid before Parliament. [3] The importance of these agreements was that Salisbury was able to align British policy with that of Germany, without having to enter a formal alliance. Through them he was able to maintain an understanding with the German Chancellor, Bismarck to solve mutual problems, with Bismarck being a useful counterweight to French meddling in Egypt, and Britain being a useful ally of Austria-Hungary, thus meaning Bismarck did not have to choose between his two allies, Russia and Austria- Hungary, when they were at odds in the Balkans. This policy broke down with the fall of Bismarck though and the increasing alarm at the nstable behaviour of the new German emperor, Wilhelm II. With rising German hostility and naval expansion, and the Dual Alliance between France and Russia the result was that Britains politicians became more concerned with the international situation. With Kaiser Wilhelm intent on ending Britains free ride on the coat-tails of the Triple Alliance'[4] and the clearer descent into two power blocs Britain faced the stark ch oice of remaining isolated or acceding to one of these alliances. Britain had come close to war with European powers at the turn of the 20th century. For instance, the Fashoda Crisis in 1898, while a diplomatic victory for Britain, was a worrying situation as had war broken out, she would have had to fight France alone, and there was always the possibility of Russian intervention on Frances side. Because of her small army, she would have had to rely on her navy. There was also always the fear of war with Russia over Russian expansionism in Central Asia (see: The Great Game) and also a lesser fear of war with the United States , who opposed a British quarrel with Venezuela over the mutual border with British Guiana. Abandonment Britains isolation was formally ended by the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance . Britain began to normalise its relations with European countries that it had disputes with, and the Entente Cordiale and the Anglo-Russian Entente were signed in 1904 and 1907 respectively. The Alliance System was finally formed in the same year as the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, and is considered an important factor in the outbreak of World War I . [5] Salisbury never used the term to describe his approach to foreign policy, and even rgued against its use. It could be claimed that Britain was not isolated during this period owing to her informal alignments such as the two Mediterranean Agreements as well as the fact that it still traded with other European powers and remained heavily connected with the Empire. In addition, Salisbury never thought isolation to be splendid as he considered it dangerous to be completely uninvolved with European affairs.

For many years we have been li... free essay sample

For many years we have been living in a society where depending on our gender and sexuality, we are judged and expected to behave and act certain way to fulfill the societys gender stereotypes. How is so? Since the day we are born we are categorized as a boy or girl bases on our sex. Gender and sexuality refers to two different things. It is of course, composed of male/female or man/woman with different roles and functions of being masculine and feminine. There are people who fall into the categories of male and female, however, some are born with sex organs that do not clearly fit either category, and they are known as intersex. We live in a world which is organized around the idea that women and men have different bodies, different capabilities, and different needs and desired. Nowadays, gender and sexuality has become a major issue to different countries all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on For many years we have been li or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How to identify what makes a woman and what makes a man, and the revelation of their identity to be accepted in humanity. Knowing the effects of gender and sexuality in cross-cultural context and global context. This paper will discuss an understanding of gender differences and roles in todays society. Gender is a social classification based on ones identity, presentation of self, behavior, and interaction with others. Sociologists view gender as learned behavior and a culturally produced identity. Sex, on the other hand, is a biological classification based on body parts. It is understood by sociologists to be a biological categorization based on reproductive organs. Sociologists and most other social scientists view sex and gender as conceptually distinct. Gender, by contrast, concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between men and women. Gender is linked to socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity and is not necessarily or inevitably a direct product of biological sex (Sociology 8th edition, A. Giddens, P.W Sutton, pg. 617). Linda Nicholson argues that it is not enough to claim that the body always comes to us through social interpretation, that is, that sex is subsumable under gender, therefore we cannot look to the body to ground cross-cultural claims about the male/female distinction (1994:83). A persons sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender. Therefore, the terms sex and gender are not interchangeable. In most societies, there is a basic division between gender attributes assigned to males and females that is expectations of masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is the experience of being a man or the formation of male identities. The Australian sociologist Raewyn Connells theory said that masculinity is the most influential theory in the field of men and masculinities. Along with its enormous impact on the field of gender studies, it has also been taken up across a wide range of other disciplines. She notes that masculinity is not just an idea in the head, or a personal identity. It is also extended in the world, merged in organized social relations (1995, pg.29). Kimmel also explains that masculine sexuality is not about mutual pleasuring but the confirmation of masculinity which is based on physical capacities. And these, in turn, require emotional detachment, a phallocentric world view of sexual pleasure, and self-objectification (Kimmel 1990:105). On the other hand, femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with girls and women. According to Connell, there are no femininities that are hegemonic (Connell, 1987). All forms of femininity in this society are constructed in the context of the overall subordination of women to men. For this reason, there is no femininity that holds among women the position held by hegemonic masculinity among men (pg.187). Feminist approach largely focuses on the theory which explain gender inequality. During 1970s, social feminism was increasingly used to describe a mixed theoretical and practical approach to achieving womens equality. Socialist had fought for decades to create more equal society. One famous socialist feminism by Marxism had recognized the oppressive structure of a capitalist society. Like radical feminism, socialist feminism recognized the fundamental oppression of women particularly in a patriarchal society. However, socialist feminists did not recognize gender and only gender as the exclusive basis of all oppression. Rather, they held and continue to hold that class and gender are symbolic. Social feminists wanted to integrate the recognition of sex discrimination within their work to achieve justice and equality for women, for working classes, for the poor and all humanity (Socialist Feminism in Womens History, L. Napikoski, 2018). In relation to this, gender socialization occurs when we are children and refers to the learning that we receive from the people who raise us, that is called Gender norms. This process begins before they are even born, by selecting gender names, by decorating the incoming babys room and selecting its toys and clothes in color-coded and gendered ways that reflect cultural expectations and stereotypes. Then, from infancy, we are socialized by our environment such as, family, educators, religious leaders, peer groups, and the wider community, and mass media who teach us what is expected from us in terms of appearance and behavior. From childhood to adolescent development, resocialization occurs later in life, where we adapt to changes. Many researchers argue that socialization is not a smooth process; different agencies, such as the family, schools and peer groups, may be at odds with one another and do not produce a homogenous socializing experience. Just as, socializations theories underplay the ability of individuals to reject or modify social expectations in their actual practices (Stanley and Wise 1993, 2002). Connells view of socialization says that, children do resist such pressures: boys mix masculine and feminine aspects, whiles some girls determinedly pursue competitive sports, and both boys and girls may behave differently in private to the gendered face they present in public (Connell 1987). Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender identity. Gender roles in society means how were expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing while, men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold. In this present generation, revealing ones identity has become extensive and expressive. Several people have mixed of masculine and feminine traits exposed their sexuality through media to explore and introduce their true sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is a persons emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. It has been defined to different categories such as; heterosexuality (male and female), the attraction to individuals of the opposite sex; homosexuality (gay, lesbian or transgender), the attraction to individuals of ones own sex; bisexuality, the attraction to individuals of either sex; and asexuality, no attraction to either sex. Some w ould say that, these sexual categories can normally be adapt by hormones or peer influence, but there is no scientific consensus regarding the exact reasons why an individual holds a heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientation. There has been research conducted to study the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation, but there has been no evidence that links sexual orientation to one factor (APA 2008). According to current scientific understanding, individuals are usually aware of their sexual orientation between middle childhood and early adolescence (American Psychological Association 2008). They do not have to participate in sexual activity to be aware of these emotional, romantic, and physical attractions; people can be celibate and still recognize their sexual orientation. Homosexual women (also referred to as lesbians), homosexual men (also referred to as gays), and bisexuals of both genders may have very different experiences of discovering and accepting their sexual orientation. At the point of puberty, some may be able to claim their sexual orientations while others may be unready or unwilling to make their homosexuality or bisexuality known si nce it goes against North American societys historical norms (APA 2008). The term gender dysphoria refers to the distress that occurs when a persons physical sex doesnt match perceived gender. Like a girl may be more interested in rough-and tumble sports and a young man may find his excitement by fashion than football. Before if you were born male, you should only act like a man, and if you were born female, you should act like a woman. Now, people have freedom of expressing and embracing their identity to have self-satisfaction even by changing their physical appearance. Research, however, does present evidence showing that homosexuals and bisexuals are treated differently than heterosexuals in schools, the workplace, and the military. Some homosexuals have been subjected to verbal harassment, physical harassment and cyber-bullying. Former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said, In too many countries, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people are among the poorest, most marginalized member of the society. Studies show that gay and lesbian people suffer disproportionate discrimination and abuse. Many LGBT Organizations has come up to protect equal rights of those who belong in homosexual and bisexual group all over the world. They created laws that safeguard the rights of all individuals, including LGBTI persons, and ensure that their life, physical integrity, morals and freedoms are respected. Gender and Sexualities in Cross-cultural and Global context Every society contains individuals who do not fit into the cultures dominant sex/gender categories. The cross-cultural record of sex and gender diversity provokes to reexamine the nature and assumptions of our own sex and gender system: the cultural basis of its categories, the relationship between sex and gender and other aspects of culture, and how those who do not fit into our cultures dominant sex and gender paradigms are defined and treated by society. The representation and discourses surrounding sex and gender system in other cultures have been influenced by European moral ethnocentrism since the earliest encounters between Europeans and other people. The imposition of European religions, cultures, law, and economies on non-Western societies, in mo st cases resulted in the marginalization or disappearance of indigenous alternative sex/gender roles (Jacobs,Thomas ; Lang, 1997; Lang, 1999; Martzner 2001, pg. 14-15; Roscoe, 1995) this has also occurred with the spread of Islam to places like West Africa (Matory 1994) and Indonesia (Boellstroff, 2005). Currently, however, there is a reemergence of interest in these systems, by ethnographers, by medical and psychological professionals, by sex and gender variant individuals, and in the wider society as part of constructing national identities or cultural renaissance within the context of modernity. For instance, across the Indian subcontinent hijra are understood as sex/gender system which works outside of a sex/gender binary and exist as a community which is simultaneously culturally specific and politically bounded. According to Nanda (1994), hijra communities include transvestites, castrated men, prostitutes, followers of the mother goddess, and non-menstruating or infertile women. Nanda argues that British colonialism, demographic changes in family size, and increasing Westernization have exerted profound influences on cultural understandings of hijra and their roles in society (Agrawal 1997; Roughgarden 2004). By specifically regulating gender/sex identities, the colonial project in India legally imposed heteronormative binary which marginalized those who stepped outside of the legal bounds of gendered sexuality. (Sex-Gender Diversity: A Cross-cultural Perspective) Apart from this, the historical and modern globalization has a great impact with gender and sexuality. It is discoverd that in all societies today, not one, but several, sex/gender systems with sources in traditional cultures, colonial cultures, and modern cultural influences may operate simultaneously. This means that social location, political history, and economic factors all contribute to changes in cultural constructions of gender and sexuality. During the 1990s, scholars of gender and sexualities were drawn to the postmodern critiques of categories and grand narrative explanations of gender and sexual diversity. Foucaults analysis of governmentality and biopower to, among other things, situate discussion of how different nation-states and specific laws serve to regulate bodies and construct normative sexual citizens and explore how bodies give substance to citizenship and how citizenship matters for bodies (Beasley ; Bacchi 2000, pg 337; Mamo 2007). Contemporary analyses of gender and sexuality are further enriched by attention to intersectionality, cross-national and cross-cultural differences, and globalization. For example, intersectional analyses of violence against women which incorporate attention to global economic restructuring deepen understandings of the complex processes that shape womens lives and bring and bring to light the experiences of social actors who were rarely the subjects of academic research a few decades ago. (Staudt 2008; Villalon 2010). Sociologist of gender and sexualities continue to stress the power of interactionist, social constructionist, and structural perspectives for revealing the complex ways that gender and sexual normativity and inequalities are produced, reproduced, and resisted.

Your Syndicated Newspaper Column †Proving Yourself to Editors

Your Syndicated Newspaper Column – Proving Yourself to Editors Imagine, seeing your Still reading? Good. If the obstacles don’t scare you, you’re on your way. Writing a column is your first step toward syndication. Finding publishing sources and composing your query are the next two. Newspaper editors are the key. You want your column printed in numerous papers, which requires finding numerous editors. You can purchase email lists for a price – often a hefty one. Since I’m trying to keep the cash flowing into my bank account, not out, I find addresses myself – one editor and one state at a time. Most states have a newspaper association website. Some include names of newspapers, editors and email addresses. If that’s the case, you’ll get your information there. It isn’t always this easy. Don’t fear. You can find your information elsewhere online. One website, Mondo Times, bills itself as the worldwide media directory and provides newspaper listings In your initial email, send a short letter describing the column. It’s important to communicate key elements within a few sentences: First paragraph: Pair your name with the name of your column. Include a one or two sentence writing

Teaching statement for assistant professor position application Essay

Teaching statement for assistant professor position application - Essay Example I also direct undergraduate research that involves protein purification and single molecule experiments. The students are working on a single molecule study of metalloregulator-DNA interactions for transcriptional regulation. As their professor for this project, I make sure that students stay on task and that they are producing the results necessary for the project. Prior to my work at Cornell University, I was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Free University in Berlin, Germany. I supervised students, taught theory and monitored an advanced laboratory courses on Methods of Biophysics. I was responsible for all aspects of this course including grading lab reports and monitoring student progress. I learned a great deal about how students approach scientific experiments and their role in supporting and developing experiments. My goal in teaching is to help students learn at both the physical and visceral levels. I want them to learn that science is always changing, no matter what project one is working or how the experiment is running. Sometimes students are afraid that if they do not receive the results they think they should receive, that the experiment is not working. I teach them that science is always challenging and as an experiment moves along, there are times when visceral knowledge is more important than what they are exactly seeing. I have taught physic courses as a lecturer at Katmandu University in Nepal. This opportunity helped me to find ways to mentor students and to make coursework interesting. Many students have said that I am a very approachable professor in my teaching style and I make science interesting. In addition to my teaching experience, I am also an active research scientist. I have presented at many conferences, and I have published extensively on various scientific topics as shown in my resume. As an example, my research in Applied Science (Physics, Chemistry, and Biology) is particularly suited to this position. My PhD dissertation and

Online Marketing (independent women's clothing etailing) Essay

Online Marketing (independent women's clothing etailing) - Essay Example t up its Main Branch at London’s world-class visitor destination simply because it wants to tap the already existing market of Covent Garden and be exposed to tourists and visitors frequenting the area. However great the opportunity is for Closet to introduce its brands and clothing line given its marketing plan, the company still needs to identify its Communications Plan to be assured that it will reach its target market within the desired period and achieve 100% of its financial objectives. Closet shall position itself as a retailer of youthful, yet sophisticated clothing lines aimed at dressing up today’s career women. It will be warm, classy yet accessible to the modern-day cosmopolitan woman. Closet does not really emphasize on age, but on attitude. It would provide clothing to women who require a comfortable yet sophisticated set of wardrobe that would match their career and their fast paced lifestyle. Closet embodies the British Lifestyle. It represents the modern day woman – classy, sophisticated, yet trendy and youthful looking. As a brand, it represents class and elegance, yet it proves to be accessible to all those who wish to acquire the Closet Lifestyle due to its strong presence through various media vehicles. Roughly about 35% of Closet’s monthly operational budget shall be allocated to Advertising and Promotional strategies alone. This includes expenses to be incurred in utilizing mainstream media particularly print advertising; other alternative media; and design and production of merchandising and promotional materials. Mainstream-wise, Closet shall utilize print advertising particularly through tie-ups with different magazines. Although this would not be the company’s primary vehicle in promoting its products, it would just aim to maximize its relationship with these magazines whose websites Closet shall be utilizing in its online campaigns. Internet Marketing has become popular because Internet access is becoming more widely

Have to choose a good topic from the area of ICT or computing Essay

Have to choose a good topic from the area of ICT or computing - Essay Example or your browser automatically installs program without seeking your permission and ends up installing a spyware or you click on a pop up and that triggers a program to install a spyware onto your machine. Apart from hackers, spywares are mainly created by the advertisement companies in order to track the online behavior of users. Along with spywares, the advertisement companies can also infect your system with tracking cookies which can track every site that you have browsed and can fetch the vital personal information. Generally the spywares created by these companies are not as lethal as the ones created by the hackers, in case the companies do not use the information for anything else apart from marketing but these spywares also turn your machine into a data transmitter for these advertisement agencies, seriously affecting the performance of your home based system. Imagine the previous times full of inconvenience and hassles when we had to stand in what appeared to be never ending queues, to execute any transaction at the bank be it some money transfer or even a minor enquiry. We had to spend hours for booking the railway tickets and for paying our utility bills. Then we jumped onto the era of internet where most of the needs of the day are resolved using internet itself. Few individuals now can be seen doing the transactions standing at the bank. But, as the wise people say â€Å"There are no free lunches†, there is a cost associated with this convenience as well. The sole identity that a person has during any online transfer is his password. In case the password to your bank account has been hacked by a smart hacker, after tracking the data from your computer system, he can transfer millions from your account into his account in just a few seconds. To your nightmare, it does not end here. He can sell the vital information, related to your company’s strategy and stored in your system, to the competitor and since the information has been leaked from

UV Of Sodium Aminosalicylate Biology Essay

UV Of Sodium Aminosalicylate Biology Essay Specific absorbance of the sodium aminosalicylate can be determined by using the Beer-Lambert law equation with the presence of the value of concentration of the sodium aminosalicylate and the absorbance values which can be obtained through UV spectrophotometry. The concentration of Unknown solutions can also be determined by getting the absorbance values through the calibration graph, absolute method and comparative method. Introduction UV spectrophotometry is a technique which is based on measuring the absorption of near-UV or visible radiation by molecules. [1] It acts by where the electrons in the bonds within the molecule become excited to reach up to a higher quantum state and in the process to absorb some of the energy passing through the solution. The more loosely the electrons are been held within the bonds of the molecules, the longer will the wavelength of the radiation (lower the energy) been absorbed. [2] Radiation in this wavelength region causes the characteristics of the molecular structure of the molecule to be determined. [1] As there is a broad absorption bands due to different vibrational and rotational energy levels, UV spectrophotometry is used mainly for quantitative purposes rather than identification.[3] Spectrophotometer works by where the sample of the solution is inserted into the spectrometer for the UV/visible light to pass through the sample to get the value of absorbance/transmittance. The value of the absorbance indicates the amount of light being absorbed by the sample. The measurement of light absorption of molecules can be governed by Beer-Lambert law equation, A= e.c.l. With the presence of the absorbance value (A), concentration of the sample (c) and the pathlength of the cell (l), the molar absorptivitiy (e) can therefore be determined. Concentration of an unknown solution can also be determined by measuring its absorbance using the UV spectrophotometry at the selected wavelength. The determination of the concentration of the unknown can be determined by using three methods, which are by using the Beer-Lambert graph, comparative method and absolute method. In this experiment, sodium aminosalicylate will be used as the sample as it is a good absorber of ultraviolet light which allows it to be conveniently to be analysed using spectrophotometry. The purpose of this experiment is to find the specific absorbance of the sodium aminosalicylate solution by using different concentrations of it and also to determine the concentration of the unknown solutions by using calibration graph of Beer-Lambert, comparative method and absolute method. Experimental (a) Absorption Spectrum of Sodium Aminosalicylate in 0.1M NaOH The spectrum of a 1-cm layer of 0.001% solution of sodium aminosalicylate in 0.1M NaOH over the wavelength range 235 to 325nm was been scanned and examined. The wavelengths (ÃŽ »max) and the absorbance values at these wavelengths of the two maxima was then been measured from the spectrum. Approximate specific absorbance [i.e. the absorbance of a 1-cm layer of a 1% solution, A(1%,1cm)] was then been calculated at each of these maxima using the Beer-Lambert equation ; A=A(1%,1cm).c.l Where A= Absorbance A(1%,1cm) = Specific absorbance of a 1 cm layer of a 1% solution c = Concentration (%) l = path length (cm) (b) Beers Law, Specific Absorbance and Molar Absorptivity 50mL volumes of 0.0002, 0.0004, 0.0006 and 0.008 % solutions of sodium aminosalicylate in 0.1M NaOH from the 0.0010 % stock solution had been prepared. One of the ÃŽ »max from (a) had been selected and the wavelength was set to the selected value. The solvent (0.1M NaOH) was been placed in both cells and the absorbance reading of the single beam spectrophotometer was been set to zero. The absorbance was been checked a few nm each side of the selected wavelength using the 0.0010 % and been recorded. The new ÃŽ »max from the table of absorbance values that had been recorded was been selected and the spectrophotometer was been set to that wavelength. The absorbance of a 1-cm layer of each of the five solutions of sodium aminosalicylate that had been prepared earlier were been recorded and replicate readings were been obtained. A graph of absorbance against concentration had been plotted and the specific absorbance had been determined using the gradient of the graph. The molar absorptivi ty of the sodium aminosalicylate in 0.1M NaOH at the selected maximum was been calculated. (c) Determination of Concentrations (i) Calibration Graph The absorbance of a 1-cm layer of Unknown 1 was been determined. Unknown 1 was then been diluted so that its absorbance is in the mid range of the graph of absorbance against concentration. The graph was then been used to determine the concentration of the diluted solution and hence the concentration of Unknown 1 was been calculated. (ii) Absolute Method The absorbance of a 1-cm layer of Unknown 2 was been recorded. The concentration of Unknown 2 was been calculated using the A (1%.1cm) value which had been determined previously. (iii) Comparative Method The wavelength was set to the second ÃŽ »max which had been determined in (a). The absorbance of a 1-cm layer of the 0.0010 % and a 1-cm layer of Unknown 2 was been recorded. The concentration of Unknown 2, C2, using the relationship below, = Results (a) Wavelength / nm Absorbance Reading 264 0.630 300 0.430 Wavelengths (ÃŽ »max) = 264nm and 300nm Concentration) = 0.001 % At 264nm, Specific Absorbance = = = 630 At 300nm, Specific Absorbance = = = 430 (b) ÃŽ »max which been selected from (a) = 264nm Wavelength / nm Absorbance Reading 259 0.584 260 0.588 261 0.588 262 0.582 263 0.573 264 0.559 265 0.546 Table of Absorbance Values New ÃŽ »max selected from table of absorbance = 261nm Concentration of sodium aminosalicylate solution / % First Absorbance Reading Second Absorbance Reading Average Absorbance Reading 0.001 0.608 0.606 0.607 0.0008 0.477 0.482 0.480 0.0006 0.360 0.364 0.362 0.0004 0.243 0.243 0.243 0.0002 0.119 0.123 0.121 Specific Absorbance (Gradient) = = 606.06 From the graph of absorbance reading of 0.46, Concentration of Sodium Aminosalicylate = 0.00076 % RMM of sodium aminosalicylate = 211.15 0.00076 % = 0.00076 g/100mL = 0.0076 g/1000mL = 0.000036 mol/1000mL = 0.000036M By using the Beer Lambert equation, A= e.c.l., e = = = 12777.78 Molar absorptivity (e) of sodium aminosalicylate in 0.1M NaOH at the selected maximum = 12777.78 (c) (i) Type of Solution First Absorbance Reading Second Absorbance Reading Average Absorbance Reading Unknown 1 1.187 1.188 1.188 Diluted Unknown 1 (Unknown 1 + Â ¾ 0.1M NaOH) 0.286 0.287 0.287 Concentration of Diluted Unknown 1 Solution from the graph = 0.00048 % Using the formula C1V1 = C2V2 , (0.00048) (100) = (C2) (25) C2 (Concentration of Unknown 1) = 0.00192 % (ii) Type of Solution First Absorbance Reading Second Absorbance Reading Average Absorbance Reading Unknown 2 0.525 0.525 0.525 Using Beer-Lambert equation, A=A(1%,1cm).c.l A(1%,1cm) = 606.06 l = 1.00 Concentration of Unknown 2 (c) = = 0.000866 % (iii) Wavelength (ÃŽ »max) selected from (a) = 300nm Type of Solution First Absorbance Reading Second Absorbance Reading Average Absorbance Reading 0.0010 % sodium aminosalicylate 0.337 0.336 0.337 Unknown 2 0.300 0.300 0.300 = C2 (Concentration of Unknown 2) = 0.000890 % Discussion From the experiment (a), we can see that the absorbance reading decreases with the increase of the wavelength where 0.630 absorbance value had been recorded at 264nm wavelength and 0.430 absorbance at 300nm wavelength. When wavelength increases, the amount of energy of the molecules of sodium aminosaliylate will decrease as well. Therefore, the amount of light that will be absorbed by the sodium aminosalicylate will decrease which resulting in the decrease in the value of the absorbance. By using the Beer-Lambert law equation, we can know that the specific absorbance of the sample decreases with the decrease of the absorbance value with a fixed concentration of sodium aminosalicylate and pathlength of the cell. In experiment (b), new ÃŽ »max had been selected from the table of absorbance which is 261nm because it had the highest absorbance reading among all values which had been obtained. Repeated readings of absorbance had been recorded when measuring the absorbance values of each of the different concentrations of sodium aminosalicylate. This is to prevent getting an error in the measurement of the absorbance reading in the experiment. When plotting the graph of average absorbance against concentration of sodium aminosalicylate, a linear line was obtained. This shows that the value of absorbance increases with the increase of the concentration of sodium aminosalicylate in the experiment. The value of specific absorbance that had been obtained from the gradient of the graph of average absorbance against concentration of sodium aminosalicylate is 606.06. The value is quite typical which is in the range of 20-1,000. However, the value of the molar absorptivity of the sodium aminosalicylate o btained from the graph is 12777.78 which is more than the typical values ranging from 1,000-100,000. This may be due to some errors produced during the experiment. In experiment (c)(i), the concentration of Unknown 1 obtained from the spectroscopy and calibrating graph are almost the same. However, the concentration of Unknown 1 obtained through the calibrating graph is slightly higher than that of the one obtained from spectroscopy. This might be due to some errors in calibrating the graph. Error in the graph will result in getting an incorrect absorbance reading which will be used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution. However, several measurements can be recorded to minimize the errors. In experiment (c)(ii) and (iii), the results showed that the concentration of Unknown 2 obtained using absolute method is almost the same with the value of concentration obtained using comparative method. Absolute method can be carried if the value of specific absorbance is known with the presence of the value of absorbance. It works exactly based on the Beer-Lambert law equation and is a preferred method in BP. If the specific absorbance of the solution is not known, then comparative method is preferably to be used as it only needs the absorbance reading of the standard solution and the unknown solution.This is a preferred method in USP and works the best if the standard and sample concentrations are close.[3] As the specific absorbance of sodium aminosalicylate used in (c)(ii) is obtained from experiment (b), there might be some errors in the value of the concentration of Unknown 2 if errors had occurred when calibrating the graph in (b) which resulting in the value of specific abs orbance to be not accurate. Compared to comparative method, only the absorbance reading of the standard and sample solutions obtained from the spectroscopy are required in order to calculate the concentration of Unknown 2. Therefore, in this case the concentration of Unknown 2 using absolute method is not as accurate as the one obtained by using comparative method in this experiment. Conclusion UV spectrophotometry is an universal technique where it can find the value of specific absorbance of a sample using the Beer-Lambert equation with the presence of the other 3 factors value and also to identify the concentration of an unknown either through methods of calibration, absolute and comparative.

African Americans unnoticed :: Essays Papers

African Americans unnoticed For too many years, African Americans have lived without knowing the people who have influenced their way of life. We walk around without taking the time to appreciate the people that have allowed us to go to these black colleges and universities, or the African Americans that have dedicated life their to make life better for all mankind as well as blacks. Women as well men have gone out of their way to make life better for their future. We know that women have influenced life from the beginning of time whether the role of the women is a mother, wife, doctor, or educator. But women have not always been able to advance in society, as men have been able to. As a black women I am proud to hear of women such as Lucy Laney, who she dedicated her life to get funding for black Georgia schools. She believed that women are better teachers than men and that an educated Negro woman is what is needed to teach students of all ages. Annie Julia Cooper was an active participant in the women's organizations in the 1980s. She believed that higher education of the black woman was too rare and did what she could so that young women like me can attend college. Fannie Barrier Williams realized that racism was a major problem, but also realized that sexism was an even greater problem in equality. For, as she said, "to be a colored woman is to be discredite d, mistrusted and often meanly hated." Through times of strife and stress she worked, sometimes successfully, to eliminate discrimination against black women. Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and Stokely Carmicheal; these names when said are ones to which black people respond to, because all of these men improved social conditions for African Americans. All were part of large organized mass movement in black history. Each on of these men played a different part in influencing black America. Washington was skilled at politics. He was powerful and influential in both the black and white communities, Washington was a confidential advisor to presidents. DuBois was a public speaker who noted how America tactically sidestepped the issues of color, and how his approach of "educate and agitate" appeared to fall on deaf ears. Marcus Garvey drawing on a gift for oratory, he created "Garveyism" eventually evolved into a religion of success, inspiring millions of black people worldwide who sought relief from racism and colonialism.

Buddhism Worksheet

Economic, soical, and Political changes Marlisa Brown HUM/114 October 4, 2012 Gene Smille University of Phoenix Material Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the agricultural revolution in Europe? Answer: The three important factors were the warmer temperature, the three-field system, and better farming equipment. 2. How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example.Answer: The new found, more productive way of farming in Europe reduced the need of manual laboring workers, eliminating many jobs on farm lands creating coil mining jobs to help power the machines. Industrial Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences: 1. What are the three most important factors that contributed to the industrial revolution in Europe? Answer: The large population, capital, and the people with scientific knowledge, and entrepreneurial skills were among the social, and economic factors that helped make the industrial revolution. . Describe working conditions in factories and mines between 1800 and 1850. What was life like for a typical worker? Reference at least one primary source to support your response. Answer: Working in factories and mines were very dangerous because a lot of deadly accidents happened, like when coal was brought in buckets to the surface, and children helped in the mines they had to work in the dark because some families were too poor for candle light. Western Social Change Between 1815 and 1914Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Romanticism: Napoleon was the Emperor; Napoleon had large armies, which consisted of peasants and workers. Napoleon decided to give them a geographic lesson by crisscrossing the continent in Europe. 2. The role of women: Western so ciety believed that the women role was to retire from work and take care of their family and husband at home.Younger women had to work to help around the house of their parents, and then marry in their later years. 3. Science: In 1848, due to political failures of idealism, science had a new look on disillusioned Europeans. The scientific discovery was not great, but was a great find for technical applications. 4. Realism: Art and literature was a rejection of romantic idealism and subjectivity, political failures of the post-1848 era characterized a wide array of artistic and literary endeavors. Western Political Change Between 1815 and 1870Write 2 or 3 sentences per concept about how each of the following changed in Western society between 1815 and 1914: 1. Liberalism: abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. Finally, in 1833, the slave trade was abolished and lots of money was paid back in Caribbean to the owners of the British plantation. 2. Conservatism: In 1819, starte d the Carlsbad decrees, which tried to eliminate national sentiments that came upon the Napoleonic period. The Germans approved decrees against free speech and civil liberties. 3.Kulturekampf: the Kulturkampf began in 1871, escalated sharply until 1878, and then gradually wound down until its end in 1887. 4. The Communist Manifesto: Communist Manifesto is a statement that is by Marxism. Communist Manifesto was mistaken of future development of capitalism. 5. Realpolitik: Bismarck was the supreme practitioner of Realpolitik, this was during realistic politicians age. â€Å"Realpolitik meant that statesmen had to think in terms of military capability, technological dominance, and the acceptable use of force. †

Water Pollution in Bangladesh Essay Example

Water Pollution in Bangladesh Essay Example Water Pollution in Bangladesh Paper Water Pollution in Bangladesh Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Water is the most vital element among the natural resources, and is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. The environment, economic growth and development of Bangladesh are all highly influenced by water its regional and seasonal availability, and the quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial and seasonal availability of surface and groundwater is highly responsive to the monsoon climate and physiographic of the country. Availability also depends on upstream withdrawal for consumptive and nonconsecutive uses. In terms of quality, the surface water of the country is unprotected from untreated industrial effluents and municipal wastewater, runoff pollution from chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and Oil and lube spillage in the coastal area from the operation of sea and river ports. Bangladesh is the lower riparian of three major river systems, the Ganges- Pad, the Paramount-Jejuna and the Meghan. The aquatic environment for living organisms can be affected and fasciculation of harmful substances in the water-dependent food chain can occur. A variation of inland surface water quality is noticed due to seasonal variation of river flow, operation foundational units and use of agrochemicals. Overall, inland surface water quality in the monsoon season is within tolerable limit with respect to the standard set by the Department of Environment (DoE). Causes of Water Pollution The major causes of degradation of inland water quality are related to land based activities, when adequate regulatory measures are not incorporated and the stakeholders do not show proper concern. The underlying driving forces for this are poverty, an unhealthy national economy, lack of institutional strength, and lack of awareness and education. Pollutants that enter the marine and coastal environment originate on land in the form of runoff from municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, and from commercial seafaring activities. Industrial effluent In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located along the banks of the rivers. There are obvious reasons for this such as provision of transportation for incoming raw materials and outgoing finished products. Unfortunately as a consequence, industrial units drain effluents directly into the rivers without any consideration of the environmental degradation. Region, which comprises bout 49 per cent of the total sector. Inorganic pollutants are mostly metallic salts, and basic and acidic compounds. These inorganic components undergo different chemical and biochemical interactions in the river system, and deteriorate water quality. The most problematic industries for the water sector are textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills, fertilizer, industrial chemical production and refineries. A complex mixture of hazardous chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies from all these industries usually without treatment. The highest numbers of industrial establishments in the country are located in the North Central (NC) WATER POLLUTION AND SCARCITY Inland Surface Water Pollution The overall inland surface water quality in the monsoon season is within tolerable limits, with few exceptions, including the rivers Brigands, Ball, Statistical, Grappling, and Rupees. However, concerns over surface water quality are gradually emerging due to the dispersed locations of polluting industries, and the adverse effect on surrounding land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as subsequent impacts on the livelihood system of the local community. The extreme examples of this type of effect are near Dacha at Cinnabar and Saver, where industrial effluents are discharged into nearby land and water bodies without any treatment. Among the polluted areas, the Worst problems are in the River Brigands situated to the south of Dacha, where the most significant source of pollution appears to be from tanneries in the Hazarding area. In the dry season, the dissolved oxygen level becomes very low or non-existent and the river becomes toxic (WARP, AAA). Water quality data at TV0 stations of the river Brigands in 1 998, Hazarding and Chad night, showed that DO and BODY exceeded the tolerable limits in the months of January, February, March and December, with the worst situation prevailing in the months of January and February The seasonal variation of water quality in the Brigands is linked with seasonal variation of water flow and the operation of tanneries. Source: Department of Environment, 2000) Groundwater pollution Groundwater has different uses, but the standard for its quality was set nationally. Groundwater was treated as the best source of safe drinking water, before arsenic contamination was reported. However, 54 per cent of hand pumped tubeless were found to have fecal contamination, due to poor wellhead design, faulty construction and management, but the aquifers themselves were not polluted (Hogue, 1998). Source: SWAM Arsenic High levels of arsenic in groundwater can cause serious human health problems if imbibed for a long time (from 5 to 15 years); including skin ailments, damage to internal organs, skin and lung cancers, and eventual death. The recent major studies carried out on arsenic reveal that among 30,000 tubeless studied, 2,000 of them exceeded the national standard Of . 5 MGM/l for drinking purposes (the WHO guideline is 0. 01 MGM/l). The problem is acute in tubeless abstracting groundwater from 10 m to 1 00 m depths in the Southeast, South Central (the northern part only), and Southwest regions. To a lesser extent, the eastern part of the Northeast region, and the very southern fringe of the North Central and Northwest along the river Ganges are affected. The most seriously affected districts are Chandler, and those around it. It was estimated that more than 20 million people drink water exceeding the national standard for arsenic levels. The resent of arsenic is a naturally occurring phenomenon, but prolonged use of the water can be very harmful when the levels cross the standard limit. Contrary to earlier reports by the press, the available evidence strongly argues against the idea that arsenic contamination originates either from the use of synthetic chemicals, such as wood preservatives, or insecticides. Arsenic contamination has considerably serious implications for groundwater abstraction in affected areas. This impinges on domestic water supply, since groundwater is the preferred source, because compared to surface water it is sees likely to be focally polluted. Already thousands of cases of arsenic poisoning have been recorded among local people, and some deaths have been reported. Clinical studies are being carried Out by the Dacha Community Hospital. In agriculture, there are also serious implications from the possible transfer of arsenic into the food chain through crops that are under irrigation with arsenic-contaminated water, and then consumed by humans. There is little evidence of arsenic contamination in rice grains through irrigation with arsenic contaminated water. However, boiling rice in arsenic-affected water goes lead to its contamination, which causes serious problems. The crops most likely to absorb arsenic from irrigation are leafy vegetables, and possibly coconuts, and melons. These crops pass arsenic into the food chain. The effects of arsenic on pond-reared fishes are now under study. Livestock that drinks arsenic-contaminated water should also be under study, because humans consume these animals and their products. The infiltration Of arsenic-affected water in the soil also needs to be studied, along with possibility of infiltration into shallow aquifers. Source: WARP, Bibb CONCLUSION Water resources need to be managed both qualitatively and quantitatively due to their importance for economic development, and the physical and social environments. Particularly in Bangladesh, where water is intricately linked with the lives of people and economy, its value has increased with competing demand. Therefore, economic efficiency of water use is a major policy consideration. Frequent floods and droughts in Bangladesh impose tremendous variability, and make it difficult to manage development based on prices and the market mechanism. The Government of Bangladesh is acing a number Of growing problems, because it cannot address water sills_Jess in a comprehensive manner. Separate ministries and departments are in charge of pollution control, surface irrigation, groundwater irrigation, fisheries, public health, environment, municipal water supply, power and navigation, and each acting independently.